3.1.14 \(\int \frac {1}{1-x^2+x^4} \, dx\)

Optimal. Leaf size=74 \[ -\frac {\log \left (x^2-\sqrt {3} x+1\right )}{4 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\log \left (x^2+\sqrt {3} x+1\right )}{4 \sqrt {3}}-\frac {1}{2} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {3}-2 x\right )+\frac {1}{2} \tan ^{-1}\left (2 x+\sqrt {3}\right ) \]

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Rubi [A]  time = 0.05, antiderivative size = 74, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 9, number of rules used = 5, integrand size = 12, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.417, Rules used = {1094, 634, 618, 204, 628} \begin {gather*} -\frac {\log \left (x^2-\sqrt {3} x+1\right )}{4 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\log \left (x^2+\sqrt {3} x+1\right )}{4 \sqrt {3}}-\frac {1}{2} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {3}-2 x\right )+\frac {1}{2} \tan ^{-1}\left (2 x+\sqrt {3}\right ) \end {gather*}

Antiderivative was successfully verified.

[In]

Int[(1 - x^2 + x^4)^(-1),x]

[Out]

-ArcTan[Sqrt[3] - 2*x]/2 + ArcTan[Sqrt[3] + 2*x]/2 - Log[1 - Sqrt[3]*x + x^2]/(4*Sqrt[3]) + Log[1 + Sqrt[3]*x
+ x^2]/(4*Sqrt[3])

Rule 204

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> -Simp[ArcTan[(Rt[-b, 2]*x)/Rt[-a, 2]]/(Rt[-a, 2]*Rt[-b, 2]), x] /
; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b] && (LtQ[a, 0] || LtQ[b, 0])

Rule 618

Int[((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Dist[-2, Subst[Int[1/Simp[b^2 - 4*a*c - x^2, x], x]
, x, b + 2*c*x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c}, x] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0]

Rule 628

Int[((d_) + (e_.)*(x_))/((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(d*Log[RemoveContent[a + b*x +
c*x^2, x]])/b, x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e}, x] && EqQ[2*c*d - b*e, 0]

Rule 634

Int[((d_.) + (e_.)*(x_))/((a_) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2), x_Symbol] :> Dist[(2*c*d - b*e)/(2*c), Int[1/(a +
b*x + c*x^2), x], x] + Dist[e/(2*c), Int[(b + 2*c*x)/(a + b*x + c*x^2), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e}, x] &
& NeQ[2*c*d - b*e, 0] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] &&  !NiceSqrtQ[b^2 - 4*a*c]

Rule 1094

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2 + (c_.)*(x_)^4)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> With[{q = Rt[a/c, 2]}, With[{r = Rt[2*q - b/c, 2]}
, Dist[1/(2*c*q*r), Int[(r - x)/(q - r*x + x^2), x], x] + Dist[1/(2*c*q*r), Int[(r + x)/(q + r*x + x^2), x], x
]]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c}, x] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] && NegQ[b^2 - 4*a*c]

Rubi steps

\begin {align*} \int \frac {1}{1-x^2+x^4} \, dx &=\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {3}-x}{1-\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx}{2 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {3}+x}{1+\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx}{2 \sqrt {3}}\\ &=\frac {1}{4} \int \frac {1}{1-\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx+\frac {1}{4} \int \frac {1}{1+\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx-\frac {\int \frac {-\sqrt {3}+2 x}{1-\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {3}+2 x}{1+\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {3}}\\ &=-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {3} x+x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {3} x+x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {3}}-\frac {1}{2} \operatorname {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,-\sqrt {3}+2 x\right )-\frac {1}{2} \operatorname {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt {3}+2 x\right )\\ &=-\frac {1}{2} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {3}-2 x\right )+\frac {1}{2} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {3}+2 x\right )-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {3} x+x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {3} x+x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {3}}\\ \end {align*}

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Mathematica [C]  time = 0.07, size = 77, normalized size = 1.04 \begin {gather*} \frac {i \left (\sqrt {-1-i \sqrt {3}} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right ) x\right )-\sqrt {-1+i \sqrt {3}} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right ) x\right )\right )}{\sqrt {6}} \end {gather*}

Warning: Unable to verify antiderivative.

[In]

Integrate[(1 - x^2 + x^4)^(-1),x]

[Out]

(I*(Sqrt[-1 - I*Sqrt[3]]*ArcTan[((1 - I*Sqrt[3])*x)/2] - Sqrt[-1 + I*Sqrt[3]]*ArcTan[((1 + I*Sqrt[3])*x)/2]))/
Sqrt[6]

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IntegrateAlgebraic [F]  time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \begin {gather*} \int \frac {1}{1-x^2+x^4} \, dx \end {gather*}

Verification is not applicable to the result.

[In]

IntegrateAlgebraic[(1 - x^2 + x^4)^(-1),x]

[Out]

IntegrateAlgebraic[(1 - x^2 + x^4)^(-1), x]

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fricas [B]  time = 1.64, size = 159, normalized size = 2.15 \begin {gather*} -\frac {1}{6} \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (-\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} x + \frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {\sqrt {6} \sqrt {2} x + 2 \, x^{2} + 2} - \sqrt {3}\right ) - \frac {1}{6} \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (-\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} x + \frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {-\sqrt {6} \sqrt {2} x + 2 \, x^{2} + 2} + \sqrt {3}\right ) + \frac {1}{24} \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {2} \log \left (\sqrt {6} \sqrt {2} x + 2 \, x^{2} + 2\right ) - \frac {1}{24} \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {2} \log \left (-\sqrt {6} \sqrt {2} x + 2 \, x^{2} + 2\right ) \end {gather*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(1/(x^4-x^2+1),x, algorithm="fricas")

[Out]

-1/6*sqrt(6)*sqrt(3)*sqrt(2)*arctan(-1/3*sqrt(6)*sqrt(3)*sqrt(2)*x + 1/3*sqrt(6)*sqrt(3)*sqrt(sqrt(6)*sqrt(2)*
x + 2*x^2 + 2) - sqrt(3)) - 1/6*sqrt(6)*sqrt(3)*sqrt(2)*arctan(-1/3*sqrt(6)*sqrt(3)*sqrt(2)*x + 1/3*sqrt(6)*sq
rt(3)*sqrt(-sqrt(6)*sqrt(2)*x + 2*x^2 + 2) + sqrt(3)) + 1/24*sqrt(6)*sqrt(2)*log(sqrt(6)*sqrt(2)*x + 2*x^2 + 2
) - 1/24*sqrt(6)*sqrt(2)*log(-sqrt(6)*sqrt(2)*x + 2*x^2 + 2)

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giac [A]  time = 0.19, size = 56, normalized size = 0.76 \begin {gather*} \frac {1}{12} \, \sqrt {3} \log \left (x^{2} + \sqrt {3} x + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{12} \, \sqrt {3} \log \left (x^{2} - \sqrt {3} x + 1\right ) + \frac {1}{2} \, \arctan \left (2 \, x + \sqrt {3}\right ) + \frac {1}{2} \, \arctan \left (2 \, x - \sqrt {3}\right ) \end {gather*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(1/(x^4-x^2+1),x, algorithm="giac")

[Out]

1/12*sqrt(3)*log(x^2 + sqrt(3)*x + 1) - 1/12*sqrt(3)*log(x^2 - sqrt(3)*x + 1) + 1/2*arctan(2*x + sqrt(3)) + 1/
2*arctan(2*x - sqrt(3))

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maple [A]  time = 0.04, size = 57, normalized size = 0.77 \begin {gather*} \frac {\arctan \left (2 x -\sqrt {3}\right )}{2}+\frac {\arctan \left (2 x +\sqrt {3}\right )}{2}-\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \ln \left (x^{2}-\sqrt {3}\, x +1\right )}{12}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \ln \left (x^{2}+\sqrt {3}\, x +1\right )}{12} \end {gather*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

int(1/(x^4-x^2+1),x)

[Out]

1/2*arctan(2*x-3^(1/2))+1/2*arctan(2*x+3^(1/2))-1/12*ln(1+x^2-3^(1/2)*x)*3^(1/2)+1/12*ln(1+x^2+3^(1/2)*x)*3^(1
/2)

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maxima [F]  time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \begin {gather*} \int \frac {1}{x^{4} - x^{2} + 1}\,{d x} \end {gather*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(1/(x^4-x^2+1),x, algorithm="maxima")

[Out]

integrate(1/(x^4 - x^2 + 1), x)

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mupad [B]  time = 4.19, size = 47, normalized size = 0.64 \begin {gather*} \mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {2\,x}{-1+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}\right )\,\left (-\frac {1}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{6}\right )+\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {2\,x}{1+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{6}\right ) \end {gather*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

int(1/(x^4 - x^2 + 1),x)

[Out]

atan((2*x)/(3^(1/2)*1i - 1))*((3^(1/2)*1i)/6 - 1/2) + atan((2*x)/(3^(1/2)*1i + 1))*((3^(1/2)*1i)/6 + 1/2)

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sympy [A]  time = 0.21, size = 63, normalized size = 0.85 \begin {gather*} - \frac {\sqrt {3} \log {\left (x^{2} - \sqrt {3} x + 1 \right )}}{12} + \frac {\sqrt {3} \log {\left (x^{2} + \sqrt {3} x + 1 \right )}}{12} + \frac {\operatorname {atan}{\left (2 x - \sqrt {3} \right )}}{2} + \frac {\operatorname {atan}{\left (2 x + \sqrt {3} \right )}}{2} \end {gather*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(1/(x**4-x**2+1),x)

[Out]

-sqrt(3)*log(x**2 - sqrt(3)*x + 1)/12 + sqrt(3)*log(x**2 + sqrt(3)*x + 1)/12 + atan(2*x - sqrt(3))/2 + atan(2*
x + sqrt(3))/2

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